Variable magnetic monopole field electro-magnet and inductor

ABSTRACT

A novel variable magnetic monopole field electro-magnet and inductor with equal and stable high density magnetic field winding system for use in any AC-DC electric motor and generator or in any AC transformer including interleaved ferromagnetic supportive cores positioned between the layers of windings.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates generally to the art of electro-magnets andinductors used in electric motors and generators, transformers and otherelectromechanical actuator machines. More particularly, the inventionrelates to a superior concentration equally distributed magnetic fieldover the entire electromagnet's generated magnetic pole face or surfacewith a controllable magnetic field strength and polarity amplitudethrough the combination of the parallel, series and/or independentwinding connection system of the same coil and having interleavedlaminated supportive ferromagnetic material cores between the windingslayers.

BACKGROUND ART

As we know today, by definition, an electromagnet is a type of magnet inwhich the magnetic field is produced by the flow of the electriccurrent. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Asimple electromagnet consisting of a coil of insulated wire wrappedaround an iron core. The strength of magnetic field generated isproportional to the amount of current. Current (I) through a wireproduces a magnetic field (B). The field is oriented according to theright-hand rule.

An electric current flowing in a wire creates a magnetic field aroundthe wire. To concentrate the magnetic field, in an electromagnet thewire is wound into a coil with many turns of wire lying side by side.The magnetic field of all the turns of wire passes through the center ofthe coil, creating a strong magnetic field there. A coil forming theshape of a straight tube (a helix) is called a solenoid. Much strongermagnetic fields can be produced if a “core” of ferromagnetic material,such as soft iron, is placed inside the coil. The ferromagnetic coreincreases the magnetic field to thousands of times the strength of thefield of the coil alone, due to the high magnetic permeability μ of theferromagnetic material. This is called a ferromagnetic-core or iron-coreelectromagnet.

The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is thatthe magnetic field can be rapidly manipulated over a wide range ofexpected data by controlling the amount of electric current. However, acontinuous supply of electrical energy is required to maintain thefield.

Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted discovered in 1820 that electriccurrents create magnetic fields. British scientist William Sturgeoninvented the electromagnet in 1824. His first electromagnet was ahorseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with about 18 turns ofbare copper wire (insulated wire didn't exist yet). The iron wasvarnished to insulate it from the windings. When a current was passedthrough the coil, the iron became magnetized and attracted other piecesof iron; when the current was stopped, it lost magnetization. Sturgeondisplayed its power by showing that although it only weighed sevenounces (roughly 200 grams), it could lift nine pounds (roughly 4kilos=4,000 grams) when the current of a single-cell battery wasapplied. However, Sturgeon's magnets were weak because the uninsulatedwire he used could only be wrapped in a single spaced out layer aroundthe core, limiting the number of turns. Beginning in 1827, US scientistJoseph Henry systematically improved and popularized the electromagnet.By using wire insulated by silk thread he was able to wind multiplelayers of wire on cores, creating powerful magnets with thousands ofturns of wire, including one that could support 2,063 lb. (936 kg). Thefirst major use for electromagnets was in telegraph sounders.

The magnetic domain theory of how ferromagnetic cores work was firstproposed in 1906 by French physicist Pierre-Ernest Weiss, and thedetailed modern quantum mechanical theory of ferromagnetism was workedout in the 1920s by Werner Heisenberg, Lev Landau, Felix Bloch andothers. Electromagnets are very widely used in electric andelectromechanical devices, including:

-   -   Motors and generators either rotating or linear    -   Transformers    -   Electromechanical actuators    -   Relays, including reed relays originally used in telephone        exchanges    -   Electric bells    -   Loudspeakers    -   Magnetic recording and data storage equipment: tape recorders,        VCRs, hard disks    -   Scientific and medical instruments such as MRI machines and mass        spectrometers    -   Particle accelerators    -   Magnetic locks    -   Magnetic separation of material    -   Industrial lifting magnets    -   Electromagnetic suspension used for MAGLEV trains

With reference to FIG. 11, a conventional magnetic circuit, showing aconstant B field approximation is shown.

Magnetic field (green) of a typical electromagnet, with the iron core Cforming a closed loop with two air gaps G in it. Most of the magneticfield B is concentrated in the core. However some of the field linesB_(L), called the “leakage flux”, do not follow the full core circuitand so do not contribute to the force exerted by the electromagnet. Inthe gaps G the field lines spread out beyond the boundaries of the corein “fringing fields” B_(F). This increases the “resistance” (reluctance)of the magnetic circuit, decreasing the total magnetic flux in the core.Both the leakage flux and the fringing fields get larger as the gaps areincreased, reducing the force exerted by the magnet. Line L shows theaverage length of the magnetic circuit, used in equation (1) below. Itis the sum of the length L_(core) in the iron core and the lengthL_(gap) in the air gaps

In many practical applications of electromagnets, such as motors,generators, transformers, lifting magnets, and loudspeakers, the ironcore is in the form of a loop or magnetic circuit, possibly broken by afew narrow air gaps. This is because iron presents much less“resistance” (reluctance) to the magnetic field than air, so a strongerfield can be obtained if most of the magnetic field's path is within thecore.

Since most of the magnetic field is confined within the outlines of thecore loop, this allows a simplification of the mathematical analysis.See the drawing above. The prior art's typical electromagnet approachand limitation includes field lines that encircle the wire windings butdo not enter the core. This is called “leakage flux”. Therefore theequations in this section are valid and practically possible forelectromagnets for which:

the magnetic circuit is a single loop of core material, possibly brokenby a few air gaps

the core has roughly the same cross sectional area throughout itslength.

any air gaps between sections of core material are not large comparedwith the cross sectional dimensions of the core.

there is negligible leakage flux

The main nonlinear feature of ferromagnetic materials used in the priorart winding concept of electromagnets is that the B field saturates at acertain value, which is around 1.6 teslas (T) for most high permeabilitycore steels. The B field increases quickly with increasing current up tothat value, but above that value the field levels off and becomes almostconstant, regardless of how much current is sent through the windings.So the strength of the magnetic field possible from an iron coreelectromagnet is limited to around 1.6 to 2 T.

Magnetic Field Created by a Current

The magnetic field created by an electromagnet is proportional to boththe number of turns in the winding, N, and the current in the wire, I,hence this product, NI, in ampere-turns, is given the name magnetomotiveforce. For an electromagnet with a single magnetic circuit perferromagnetic material support, of which length L_(core) is in the corematerial and length L_(gap) is in air gaps, Ampere's Law reduces to:

$\begin{matrix}{{{NI} = \left. {H_{core}L_{core}} \middle| {H_{gap}L_{gap}} \right.}{{NI} = {B\left( {\frac{L_{core}}{\mu} + \frac{L_{gap}}{\mu_{0}}} \right)}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

where μ−B/H

-   -   μ₀=4π(10⁻⁷)N·A⁻² is the permeability of free space (or air);        note that A in this definition is amperes.

This is a nonlinear equation, because the permeability of the core, μ,varies with the magnetic field B. For an exact solution, the value of μat the B value used must be obtained from the core material hysteresiscurve. If B is unknown, the equation must be solved by numericalmethods. However, if the magneto-motive force is well above saturation,so the core material is in saturation, the magnetic field will beapproximately the saturation value B_(sat) for the material, and won'tvary much with changes in NI. For a closed magnetic circuit (no air gap)most core materials saturate at a magnetomotive force of roughly 800ampere-turns per meter of flux path.

For most core materials, μ_(r)=μ/μ₀≈2000−6000. So in equation (1) above,the second term dominates. Therefore, in magnetic circuits with an airgap, the strength of the magnetic field B depends strongly on the lengthof the air gap, and the length of the flux path in the core doesn'tmatter much.

Force Exerted by Magnetic Field

The force exerted by an electromagnet on a section of core material is:

$\begin{matrix}{F = \frac{B^{2}A}{2\mu_{0}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

The 1.6 T limit on the field mentioned above sets a limit on the maximumforce per unit core area, or pressure, an iron-core electromagnet canexert; roughly:

$\frac{F}{A} = {{\frac{B_{sat}^{2}}{2\mu_{0}} \approx {1000\mspace{14mu} {kPa}}} = {{10^{6}{N/m^{2}}} = {145\mspace{14mu} {{lbf} \cdot {in}^{- 2}}}}}$

In more intuitive units it's useful to remember that at 1T the magneticpressure is approximately 4 atmospheres, or kg/cm².

Given core geometry, the B field needed for a given force can becalculated from (2); if it comes out to much more than 1.6 T, a largercore must be used.

Closed Magnetic Circuit

For a closed magnetic circuit (no air gap), such as would be found in anelectromagnet lifting a piece of iron bridged across its poles, equation(1) becomes:

$\begin{matrix}{B = \frac{{NI}\; \mu}{L}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

Substituting into (2), the force is:

$\begin{matrix}{F = \frac{\mu^{2}N^{2}I^{2}A}{2\mu_{0}L^{2}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

It can be seen that to maximize the force, a core with a short flux pathL and a wide cross sectional area A is preferred. To achieve this, inapplications like lifting magnets and loudspeakers a flat cylindricaldesign is often used. The winding is wrapped around a short widecylindrical core that forms one pole, and a thick metal housing thatwraps around the outside of the windings forms the other part of themagnetic circuit, bringing the magnetic field to the front to form theother pole.

Force Between Electromagnets

The above methods are inapplicable when most of the magnetic field pathis outside the core. For electromagnets (or permanent magnets) with welldefined ‘poles’ where the field lines emerge from the core, the forcebetween two electromagnets can be found using the ‘Gilbert model’ whichassumes the magnetic field is produced by fictitious ‘magnetic charges’on the surface of the poles, with pole strength m and units ofAmpere-turn meter. Magnetic pole strength of electromagnets can be foundfrom:

$m = \frac{NIA}{L}$

The force between two poles is:

$F = \frac{\mu_{0}m_{1}m_{2}}{4\pi \; r^{2}}$

This model doesn't give the correct magnetic field inside the core, andthus gives incorrect results if the pole of one magnet gets too close toanother magnet.

Side Effects in Large Prior Art Concept Electromagnets

There are several side effects which become important in large prior artconcept electromagnets and must be provided for in their design, asdescribed below.

Ohmic Heating

The only power consumed in a DC electromagnet is due to the resistanceof the windings, and is dissipated as heat. Some large electromagnetsrequire cooling water circulating through pipes in the windings to carryoff the waste heat.

Since the magnetic field is proportional to the product NI, the numberof turns in the windings N and the current I can be chosen to minimizeheat losses, as long as their product is constant. Since the powerdissipation, P=I²R, increases with the square of the current but onlyincreases approximately linearly with the number of windings, the powerlost in the windings can be minimized by reducing I and increasing thenumber of turns N proportionally. For example halving I and doubling Nhalves the power loss. This is one reason most electromagnets havewindings with many turns of wire.

However, the limit to increasing N is that the larger number of windingstakes up more room between the magnet's core pieces. If the areaavailable for the windings is filled up, more turns require going to asmaller diameter of wire, which has higher resistance, which cancels theadvantage of using more turns. So in large prior art magnets there is aminimum amount of heat loss that can't be reduced. This increases withthe square of the magnetic flux B².

Inductive Voltage Spikes

An electromagnet is a large inductor, and resists changes in the currentthrough its windings. Any sudden change in the winding current causelarge voltage spikes across the windings. This is because when thecurrent through the magnet is increased, such as when it is turned on,energy from the circuit must be stored in the magnetic field. When it isturned off the energy in the field is returned to the circuit.

If an ordinary switch is used to control the winding current, this cancause sparks at the terminals of the switch. This doesn't occur when themagnet is switched on, because the voltage is limited to the powersupply voltage. But when it is switched off, the energy in the magneticfield is suddenly returned to the circuit, causing a large voltage spikeand an arc across the switch contacts, which can damage them. With smallelectromagnets a capacitor is often used across the contacts, whichreduces arcing by temporarily storing the current. More often a diode isused to prevent voltage spikes by providing a path for the current torecirculate through the winding until the energy is dissipated as heat.The diode is connected across the winding, oriented so it isreverse-biased during steady state operation and doesn't conduct. Whenthe supply voltage is removed, the voltage spike forward-biases thediode and the reactive current continue to flow through the winding,through the diode and back into the winding. A diode used in this way iscalled a flyback diode.

Large electromagnets are usually powered by variable current electronicpower supplies, controlled by a microprocessor, which prevent voltagespikes by accomplishing current changes slowly, in gentle ramps. It maytake several minutes to energize or de-energize a large magnet.

Lorentz Forces

In powerful state of the art and all the prior art conceptelectromagnets, the magnetic field exerts a force on each turn of thewindings, due to the Lorentz force av×B acting on the moving chargeswithin the wire. The Lorentz force is perpendicular to both the axis ofthe wire and the magnetic field. It can be visualized as a pressurebetween the magnetic field lines, pushing them apart. It has two effectson an electromagnet's windings:

The field lines within the axis of the coil exert a radial force on eachturn of the windings, tending to push them outward in all directions.This causes a tensile stress in the wire.

The leakage field lines between each turn of the coil exert a repulsiveforce between adjacent turns, tending to push them apart.

The Lorentz forces increase with B². In large electromagnets thewindings must be firmly clamped in place, to prevent motion on power-upand power-down from causing metal fatigue in the windings. In the Bitterdesign, below, used in very high field research magnets, the windingsare constructed as flat disks to resist the radial forces, and clampedin an axial direction to resist the axial ones.

Core Losses

In alternating current (AC) electromagnets, used in transformers,inductors, and AC motors and generators, the magnetic field isconstantly changing. This causes energy losses in their magnetic coresthat are dissipated as heat in the core. The losses stem from twoprocesses:

First, Eddy currents: From Faraday's law of induction, the changingmagnetic field induces circulating electric currents inside nearbyconductors, called eddy currents. The energy in these currents isdissipated as heat in the electrical resistance of the conductor, sothey are a cause of energy loss. Since the electromagnet's iron core isconductive, and most of the magnetic field is concentrated there, eddycurrents in the core are the major problem. Eddy currents are closedloops of current that flow in planes perpendicular to the magneticfield. The energy dissipated is proportional to the area enclosed by theloop. To prevent them, the cores of AC electromagnets are made of stacksof thin steel sheets, or laminations, oriented parallel to the magneticfield, with an insulating coating on the surface. The insulation layersprevent eddy current from flowing between the sheets. Any remaining eddycurrents must flow within the cross section of each individuallamination, which reduces losses greatly. Another alternative is to usea ferrite core, which is a nonconductor.

Second, Hysteresis losses: Reversing the direction of magnetization ofthe magnetic domains in the core material each cycle causes energy loss,because of the coercivity of the material. These losses are calledhysteresis. The energy lost per cycle is proportional to the area of thehysteresis loop in the well-known BH graph. To minimize this loss,magnetic cores used in transformers and other AC electromagnets are madeof “soft” low coercivity materials, such as silicon steel or softferrite.

The energy loss per cycle of the AC current is constant for each ofthese processes, so the power loss increases linearly with frequency.

High Field Electromagnets

Superconducting Electromagnets

The most powerful electromagnet in the world, the 45 T hybridBitter-superconducting magnet at the US National High Magnetic FieldLaboratory, Tallahassee, Fla., USA.

When a magnetic field higher than the ferromagnetic limit of 1.6 T isneeded, superconducting electromagnets can be used. Instead of usingferromagnetic materials, these use superconducting windings cooled withliquid helium, which conduct current without electrical resistance.These allow enormous currents to flow, which generate intense magneticfields. Superconducting magnets are limited by the field strength atwhich the winding material ceases to be superconducting. Current designsare limited to 10-20 T, with the current (2009) record of 33.8 T. Thenecessary refrigeration equipment and cryostat make them much moreexpensive than ordinary electromagnets. However, in high powerapplications this can be offset by lower operating costs, since afterstartup no power is required for the windings, since no energy is lostto Ohmic heating. They are used in particle accelerators, MRI machines,and research.

Bitter Electromagnets

Both iron-core and superconducting electromagnets have limits to thefield they can produce. Therefore the most powerful man-made magneticfields have been generated by air-core non-superconductingelectromagnets of a design invented by Francis Bitter in 1933, calledBitter electromagnets. Instead of wire windings, a Bitter magnetconsists of a solenoid made of a stack of conducting disks, arranged sothat the current moves in a helical path through them. This design hasthe mechanical strength to withstand the extreme Lorentz forces of thefield, which increase with B². The disks are pierced with holes throughwhich cooling water passes to carry away the heat caused by the highcurrent. The strongest continuous field achieved with a resistive magnetis currently (2008) 35 T, produced by a Bitter electromagnet. Thestrongest continuous magnetic field, 45 T, was achieved with a hybriddevice consisting of a Bitter magnet inside a superconducting magnet.

Exploding Electromagnets

The factor limiting the strength of electromagnets is the inability todissipate the enormous waste heat, so more powerful fields, up to 100 T,have been obtained from resistive magnets by sending brief pulses ofcurrent through them. The most powerful manmade magnetic fields havebeen created by using explosives to compress the magnetic field insidean electromagnet as it is pulsed. The implosion compresses the magneticfield to values of around 1000 T for a few microseconds. While thismethod may seem very destructive there are methods to control the blastso that neither the experiment nor the magnetic structure is harmed, byredirecting the brunt of the force radially outwards. These devices areknown as destructive pulsed electromagnets. They are used in physics andmaterials science research to study the properties of materials at highmagnetic fields.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patentapplication 62/364,319, filed Jul. 20, 2016; and U.S. nonprovisionalapplication Ser. No. 15/655,385, filed Jul. 20, 2017, and both of whichare incorporated by reference herein.

The variable magnetic monopole field electro-magnet and inductoraccording to the present disclosure overcome the drawbacks of knownelectro-magnets and inductors as follows.

The present invention provides a novel winding arrangement for theneeded electromagnets and inductors used in different applications.

The invention provides a superior concentration and equally distributedmagnetic field over the entire electromagnet's face or surface with adesired controllable magnetic field strength and polarity amplitude.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor withindependent winding arrangement that represents a clear separation fromthe rest of the same coil winding layers by having an interleavedlaminated supportive ferromagnetic material core in between eachwindings layer.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor with acontrollable magnetic field strength, polarity and amplitude through thecombination of the parallel, series and/or independent windingconnection system of the same coil.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor withoutboth “the leakage flux” and “the fringing fields” that reduces theoverall force exerted by the magnet.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor with anequal distribution number of the winding turns over the ferromagneticcore in any portion of the same coil.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor with anequal distribution of the magnetic field strength over the ferromagneticcore in any portion of the same coil.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor with acontrolled variable magnetic polarity of the two ends of the saidelectromagnet from monopole field effect North-North or South-South tobipolar North-South different or equal distribution over theferromagnetic core in any portion of the same coil.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor to protectthe windings of the same coil when any sudden change in the windingcurrent tends to cause large voltage spikes across the windings.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor to protectthe windings of the same coil when the current through the electromagnetis increased, such as when it is turned on, and the applied energy fromthe circuit as a result is stored in the magnetic field.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor toeliminate the Lorentz forces.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor toeliminate the Eddy currents inside nearby conductors.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor to limitand/or completely eliminate the wire specific skin effect under certainor any operating voltage, currents and frequencies.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor toeliminate the Hysteresis losses in each individual ferromagnetic corelamination.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor toeliminate the loses in the ferromagnetic core lamination by capturingthe circulating Eddy currents and reintroduce them in the power supplycircuit or use it as a secondary or primary inductive winding andelectrical circuit.

The present invention provides an electromagnet and inductor to generateand capture induced electromagnetic forces and by overlapping two ormore coils to be used as a multiple functional power transformer.

Other features and aspects of the present invention are provided byvarious combinations and sub combinations of the disclosed elements, aswell as methods of practicing same, which are discussed in greaterdetail below. Embodiments, examples, features, aspects, and advantagesof the present disclosure will become better understood with regard tothe following description, appended claims and accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and the attendant aspects of the presentdisclosure will become more readily appreciated by reference to thefollowing detailed description, when taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example assembly of the presentinvention herein described showing also an exploded inner detailedarrangement;

FIG. 2 is a front and side vertical cross view of the FIG. 1 assembly;

FIG. 3 is a vertical cross view of the FIG. 2 assembly showing thedetails of the double counter mirror winding direction over theinterleaved common ferromagnetic lamination support arrangement of thepreferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a symbolic or generic schematic representation of theelectrical circuit front vertical cross view of the FIG. 3 VMMFEmultilayer series-parallel winding assembly of the present invention;

FIGS. 5 a, b, c and d, similar to FIG. 4, is the schematic electricalcircuit front vertical cross view assembly of the present inventionshowing different energizing modes in order to get different magneticpolarities at each ferromagnetic core's end of the electromagnet of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 6a, b and c, similar to FIG. 4, is the schematic electricalcircuit front vertical cross view assembly of the present inventionshowing a variation of simple and double connected parallel woundnumbers of wires plus different shape, type and specifically designedmagnetic and nonmagnetic housing enclosures and supports.

FIGS. 7a, b and c, similar to FIGS. 6a and b, as having the same housingenclosure arranged in a linear preferred embodiment assembly, showingvirtually a variation of magnetic field outputs along the linear pathwhen each electromagnet is specifically energized.

FIGS. 8a and b, is a perspective view, similar to FIG. 1 of a preferredembodiment of the present invention showing other preferred differentshape, number and sizes of the interleaved ferromagnetic laminations.

FIGS. 9a and b, is a comparison view, of a state of the art transformer9 a and the preferred embodiment 9 b of the present inventiontransformer showing the closed magnetic field path through theinterleaved ferromagnetic laminations as the coils support.

FIG. 10 is a vertical cross view, of the preferred embodiment of atransformer showing the added preferred different shape, number andsizes of the interleaved ferromagnetic laminations.

Reference symbols or names are used in the Figures to indicate certaincomponents, aspects or features shown therein. Reference symbols commonto more than one Figure indicate like components, aspects or featuresshown therein.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including thebest mode thereof, to one skilled in the art, is set forth moreparticularly in the reminder of the specification, including referenceto the accompanying drawings, in which the reference numerals refer tovarious structural and other features of the preferred embodiment asfollows:

10—General view of the preferred embodiment;

20—Winding layer sharing the same ferromagnetic interleaved laminationsupport with its mirrored counterpart #20′;

20′—Mirrored winding layer sharing the same ferromagnetic interleavedlamination support with winding #20;

30—Ferromagnetic lamination core support for each winding layer;

40—The external end lead of #20 winding layer;

40′—The external end lead of the mirrored #20′ winding layer;

50—The starting point lead of the winding #20;

50′—The starting point lead of the winding #20′;

60—Three position commutator panel;

70—Ferromagnetic material core housing;

80—Non-ferromagnetic support (can be either metallic or non-metallicmaterial);

90—Bus-bar connector.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The presently described variable magnetic monopole field electro-magnetsand inductors are applicable to provide improved concentration andequally distributed magnetic fields over an electromagnet's generatedmagnetic pole face or surface and with a controllable magnetic fieldstrength and polarity amplitude for use in electric motors, generators,transformers and other electromechanical devices.

A High Concentration Variable Parallel Magnetic Monopole FieldElectromagnet and Inductor, referring now to FIG. 1, assembly 10 withmultilayer series-parallel wound wire layers 20 and 20′ over a multiplenumber of space apart interleaved common ferromagnetic core supportlamination strips 30″ may have an inner or central starting point fromthe leads 50 and 50′ for the first layer over the first ferromagneticlamination support 30′ and continuing on an opposed winding direction asa mirrored embodiment continuing to build by repetition up again andagain until it reaches the decided number of layers and the entire coil'size and electromagnetic value becomes as projected for the end user'sneeds.

It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that thepresent discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only, andis not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the presentinvention, which broader aspects are embodied in the exemplaryconstructions.

Although specific embodiments of the disclosure have been described,various modifications, alterations, alternative constructions, andequivalents are also encompassed within the scope of invention as setforth in the claims.

The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in anillustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, beevident that additions, subtractions, deletions, and other modificationsand changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broaderspirit and scope of invention as set forth in the claims.

1. A variable magnetic monopole field electro-magnet and inductorcomprising: a plurality of mirrored pairs of high density magnetic fieldwindings including interleaved ferromagnetic supportive cores positionedbetween said mirrored pairs of windings; each field winding of one ofsaid mirrored pairs of field windings having a number of windings equalto the number of windings as had by the other of the mirrored pair; and,each field winding of one of said mirrored pairs of field windingshaving field strength equal to the field strength of the other of themirrored pair.